HEIDELBERG APPEAL NETHERLANDS

AGP REFERENCES

Emergence of a Debate: AGPs and Public Health
Human Health and Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs): Reassessing the Risk

A. Bezoen, W. van Haren, J. C. Hanekamp

A   B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I   J   K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  V  W 

 

A

Aarestrup, F.M.; Ahrens, P.; Madsen, M.; Pallesen, L.V.; Poulsen, R.L.; Westh, H. 1996. Glycopeptide susceptibility among Danish Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates of animal and human origin and PCR identification of genes within the vanA cluster. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 (8): 1938-1940.

Aarestrup, F.M.; Nielsen, E.M.; Madsen, M.; Engberg, J. 1997. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from humans, pigs, cattle, and broilers in Denmark. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 (10): 2244-2250.

Aarestrup, F.M.; Bager, F.; Jensen, N.E.; Madsen, M.; Meyling, A.; Wegener, H.C. 1998. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food animals to antimicrobial growth promoters and related therapeutic agents in Denmark. APMIS 106: 606-622.

Allignet, J.; Loncle, V.; Mazodier, P.; El Solh, N. 1988. Nucleotide sequence of a staphylococcal plasmid gene, vgb, encoding a hydrolase inactivating the B components of virginiamycin-like antibiotics. Plasmid 20: 271-275.

Allignet, J.; Loncle, V.; El Solh, N. 1992. Sequence of a staphylococcal plasmid gene, vga, encoding a putative ATP-binding protein involved in resistance to virginiamycin A-like antibiotics. Gene 117: 45-51.

Allignet, J.; El Solh, N. 1995. Diversity among the Gram-positive acetyltransferases inactivating streptogramin A and structurally related compounds and characterization of a new staphylococcal determinant, vatB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39: 2027-2036.

Allignet, J.; Aubert, S.; Morvan, A.; El Solh, N. 1996. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to streptogramin A and related compounds among staphylococci resistant to these antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 (11): 2523 - 2528.

Allignet, J.; El Solh, N. 1997. Characterization of a new staphylococcal gene, vgaB, encoding a putative ABC transporter conferring resistance to streptogramin A and related compounds. Gene 202: 133-138.

Allignet, J.; Liassine, N.; El Solh, N. 1998. Characterization of a staphylococcal plasmid related to pUB110 and carrying two novel genes, vatC and vgbB encoding resistance to streptogramins A and B and similar antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 (7): 1794-1798.

Alpharma Animal Health Division, Oslo. 1998. Comments on resistance: Analysis of Swedish report on antimicrobial feed additives. Stockholm 1997.

Arthur, M.; Molinas, C.; Depardieu, F.; Courvalin, P. 1993. Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol 175 (1): 117-127.

Arthur, M.; Depardieu, F.; Molinas, C.; Reynolds, P.; Courvalin, P. 1995. The vanZ gene of Tn1546 from Enterococcus faecium BM4147 confers resistance to teicoplanin. Gene 154: 87-92.

Arthur, M.; Reynolds, P.E.; Courvalin, P. 1996. Glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Trends Microbiol 4: 401-407.

B

Bager, F.; Madsen, M.; Christensen, J.; Aarestrup, F.M. 1997. Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Prev Vet Med 31: 95-112.

Bais, R.K.; Freundlich, L.F.; Currie, B.P. 1996. Outpatient prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) enteric colonization in the catchment area of a hospital hyperendemic for VRE. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17: 20.

Baptista, M.; Depardieu, F.; Courvalin, P.; Arthur, M. 1996. Specificity of induction of glycopeptide resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 (10): 2291-2295.

Baquero, F. 1997. Gram-positive resistance: challenge for the development of new antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 39, Suppl. A: 1-6.

Barnes, E.M.; Mead, G.C.; Impey, C.S.; Adams, B.W. 1978. The effect of dietary bacitracin on the incidence of Streptococcus faecalis subspecies liquefaciens and related streptococci in the intestines of young chicks. Brit Poult Sci 19: 713-723.

Bates, J.; Jordens, Z.; Selkon, J.B. 1993. Evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 342: 490-491.

Bates, J. 1997. Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the community and the relevance of farm animals to human infection. J Hosp Infect 37: 89-101.

Beaujean, D. 1998. Linking antibiotic use, infection control and the evolution of bacterial antimicrobial resistance; modeling and decision support systems to decrease costs. ENARE web site: http://www.cc.ruu.nl/ewi-enare.

Benno, Y.; Endo, K.; Mitsuoka, T. 1988. Isolation of faecal Clostridium perfringens from broiler chickens and their susceptibility to eight antimicrobial agents for growth promotion. Jpn J Vet Sci 50 (3): 832-834.

Bergeron, M.G.; Ouellette, M. 1998. Preventing antibiotic resistance through rapid genotypic identification of bacteria and of their antibiotic resistance genes in the clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 36 (8): 2169-2172.

Bingen, E.H.; Denamur, E.; Lambert-Zechovsky, N.Y.; Elion, J. 1991. Evidence for the genetic unrelatedness of nosocomial vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains in a pediatric hospital. J Clin Microbiol 29 (9): 1882-1892.

Bogle, B.R.; Bogle, G.S. 1997. Acquiring vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. ADVANCE for Medical Laboratory Professionals 9 (18).

Bonten, M.; Slaughter, S.; Hayden, M. et al., 1996. Patients' endogenous flora as a source of 'nosocomial' vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Abstract 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemoterapy, New Orleans J5: 219.

Bouanchaud, D.H. 1997. In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin. J Antimicrob Chemother 39, Suppl. A: 15-21.

British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Bryan, L.E. 1982. Bacterial resistance and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents. Cambridge University Press.

Butaye, P.; Devriese, L.A.; Haesebrouck, F. 1998a. Effects of different test conditions on MICs of food animal growth-promoting antibacterial agents for enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 36 (7): 1907-1911.

Butaye, P.; Devriese, L.A.; Haesebrouck, F. 1998b. Frequent occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in sow faeces. Proceedings of the 15th IPVS Congress, Birmingham, England, 5-9 July 1998.

Butaye, P.; Devriese, L.A.; Haesebrouck, F. 1998c. Antibacteri‰le groeipromotoren en antibioticum resistenties. Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr 67: 106-112.

C

Casewell, M.; Beighton, D. 1996. Brief summary of the avoparcin study. King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry.

Cavalieri de Araujo, M.L.; Andrioli, J.L. 1996. Staphylococcus aureus: resistance patterns to antimicrobials and penicillinase among strains isolated from apparently healthy lactating cows. Rev Microbiol S_o Paulo 27 (1): 60-63.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin - US, 1989-1993. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 42: 597-599.

Chia, J.K.; Nakata, M.M.; Park, S.S.; et al. 1995. Use of bacitracin therapy for infection due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Clin Inf Dis 21: 1520.

Chinali, G.; Di Giambattista, M.; Cocito, C. 1987. Ribosome protection by tRNA derivatives against inactivation by virginiamycin M: evidence for two types of interaction of tRNA with the donor site of peptidyl transferase. Biochemistry 26: 1592-1597.

Chow, J.W.; Zervos, M.J.; Lernal, S.A.; Thal, L.A.; Donabedian, S.M.; Jaworski, D.D.; et al. 1997. A novel gentamicin resistance gene in Enterococcus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 511-514.

Clark, N.C.; Cooksey, R.C.; Hill, B.C.; Swenson, J.M.; Tenover, F.C. 1993. Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci from U.S. hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37 (11): 2311-2317.

Clark, N.C.; Teixeira, L.M.; Facklam, R.R.; Tenover, F.C. 1998. Detection and differentiation of vanC-1, vanC-2 and vanC-3 glycopeptide resistance genes in enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 36 (8): 2294 -2297.

Clewell, D.B. 1981. Plasmids, drug resistance, and gene transfer in the genus Streptococcus. Microbiol Rev (45): 409-436.

Clewell, D.B.; Weaver, K.E. 1989. Sex pheromones and plasmid transfer in Enterococcus faecalis: a review. Plasmid 21: 175-184.

Clewell, D.B.; Flannagan, S.E.; Jaworski, D. D. 1995. Unconstrained bacterial promiscuity: the Tn916-Tn1545 family of conjugative transposons. Trends in Microbiology, 3, 229-235.

Cocito, C.; Voorma, H.; Bosch, L. 1974. Interference of virginiamycin M with the initiation and the elongation of peptide chains in cell-free systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 340: 285-298.

Cocito, C.; Di Giambattista, M.; Nyssen, E.; Vannuffel, P. 1997. Inhibition of protein synthesis by streptogramins and related antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 39, Suppl. A: 7-13.

Committee on drug use in food animals; Panel on animal health, food safety, and public health; Board on agriculture, National Research Council; Food and nutrition board, Institute of medicine. 1998. The use of drugs in food animals: benefits and risks. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.

Cook, R.R. 1997. Antimicrobial resistance - use in veterinary and human medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 39: 435.

Coque, T.M.; Tomayko, J.F.; Ricke, S.C.; Okhyusen, P.C.; Murray, B.E. 1996. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from nosocomial, community, and animal sources in the United States, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40: 2605-2609.

Cormican, M.G.; Erwin, M.E.; Jones, R.N. 1997. Avoparcin, a glycopeptide used in animal foods: antimicrobial spectrum and potency tested against human isolates from the United States. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 241-248

Corpet, D.E. 1988. Antibiotic resistance from food. New Engl J Med 318 (18): 1206-1207.

Courvalin, P.; Carlier, C. 1986. Transposable multiple antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Gen Genet 205: 291-297.

Cox, H.; Hoskins, J.; Newman, S.; Turnwald, G.; Foil, C.; Roy, A.; Kearney M. 1985. Distribution of staphylococcal species on clinically healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 46: Ng 1824-1828.

D

Daha-Vuurpijl, Th.; Bilkert-Mooiman, M.A.J. 1998. Nederlandse MRSA richtlijnen. Inf Bul 9 (2).

Danish Veterinary Laboratory. 1998. The effect of virginiamycin on bacterial antimicrobial resistance development.

  • Technical Report 1. Association between the use of virginiamycin and the occurrence of resistance among Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs in Denmark, Finland and Norway.
  • Technical Report 2. Occurrence of the satA and vgb genes in streptogramin resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates of animal and human origin from the Netherlands.
  • Technical Report 3. Presence of the vatB gene encoding streptogramin resistance in staphylococci from broilers.
  • Technical Report 4. Transfer of the satA gene and other gene(s) encoding streptogramin resistance to a sensitive Enterococcus faecium strain.

DANMAP, 1997. Consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, food and humans in Denmark. ISSN 1397-078X.

Das, B.C.; Dutta, G.N.; Devriese, L.A.; Phukan, A. 1997a. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from necrotic enteritis cases of poultry. Indian Vet J 74: 553-555.

Das, I.; Fraise, A.; Wise, R. 1997b. Are glycopeptide-resistant entreococci in animals a threat to human beings? Lancet 349. Research Letters.

Davies, J.; O'Connor, S. 1978. Enzymatic modification of aminoglycoside antibiotics: 3-N-acetyltransferases with broad specificity that determines resistance to the novel aminoglycoside apramycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 14: 69 - 72.

Davies, J.E. 1997. Origins, acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants. In: Antibiotic resistance: origins, evolution, selection and spread. Ciba Foundation Symposium 207: 15-35. Eds.: Chadwick, D.J.; Goode, J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.

De Neeling, A.J. 1996. Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Enare webpage: http://www.cc.ruu.nl/ewi-enare/enare/topics/prsp.html.

De Neeling, A.J.; van Pelt, W.; Hendrix, M.G.R.; Buiting, A.G.M.; Hol, C.; Ligtvoet, E.E.J.; Petit, P.L.; Sabbe, L.J.M.; van Griethuysen, A.J.A.; Nohlman-Paulssen, M.K.E. 1997 a, b, c. Antibiotica resistentie in Nederland.

a: Deel I: Inleiding. Infectieziekten Bulletin 9: 187
b: Deel II: Gram-negatieve bacteri‰n. Infectieziekten Bulletin 8 (9): 192
c: Deel III: Gram-positieve bacteri‰n. Infectieziekten Bulletin 10: 224

Devriese, L.A. 1980. Sensitivity of staphylococci from farm animals to antibacterial agents used for growth promotion and therapy, a ten year study. AnnRech Vet 11 (4): 399-408.

Devriese, L.A. 1984. A simplified system for biotyping Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different animal species. J Appl Bacteriol 56: N2 215-220.

Devriese, L.A.; van de Kerckhove, A.; Kilpper-Bälz, R.; Schleifer, K.H. 1987. Characterization and identification of Enterococcus species isolated from animals. Int J Sys Bacteriol 37: 257-259.

Devriese. L.A. 1991. Streptococcal ecovars associated with different animal species - epidemiologic significance of serogroups and biotypes. J Appl Bacteriol 71: N6 478 - 483.

Devriese, L.A.; Collins, M.D.; Wirth, R. 1991. The genus Enterococcus. In: The Prokaryotes: 1465-1481. Eds.: Balows, A., Truper, H., Dworkin, M., Harder, W. and K.H. Schleifer. New York: Springer Verlag.

Devriese, L.A.; Pot, B.; Collins, M.D. 1993a. Phenotypic identification of the genus Enterococcus and differentiation of phylogenetically distinct enterococcal species and species groups. J Appl Bacteriol 75: 399-408.

Devriese, L.A.; Daube, G.; Hommez, J.; Haesebrouck, F. 1993b. In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from farm animals to growth-enhancing antibiotics. J Appl Bacteriol 75: 55-57.

Devriese, L.A.; Ieven, M.; Goossens, H.; Vandamme, P.; Pot, B.; Hommez, J.; Haesebrouck, F. 1996. Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 (10): 2285-2287.

Devriese, L.A.; Haesebrouck, F. 1996. Susceptibility of enterococci and intestinal streptococci from pigs to the growth-enhancing antibiotics flavomycin and avoparcin. Proceedings of the 14th IPVS Congress, Bologna, Italy, 7-10 July 1996.

Devriese, L.A.; Pot, B.; Van Damme, P.; Kersters, K.; Collins, M.; Alvarez, N.; Haesebrouk, F.; Hommez, J. 1997. Streptococcus hyovaginalis sp. nov. and Streptococcus thoraltensis sp. nov., from the genital tract of sows. Int J Sys Bacteriol 47: 1073-1077.

Dice, L.R. 1945. Measures of the amount of ecological asociation between species. Ecology 26: 297-302

Donelly, J.P.; Voss, A.; Witte, W.; Murray, B. 1996. Does the use in animals of antimicrobial agents, including glycopeptide antibiotics, influence the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in humans? J Antimicrob Chemother 37: 389-390.

Drasar, B.S.; Barrow, P.A. 1985. Intestinal microbiology. Aspects of Microbiology 10. Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd.

Dunny, G.M.; Chung, J.W.; Gallo, J.C.; Kao, S.-M.; Trotter, K.M.; Zorman, R.Z.; Olmsted, S.B.; Ruhfel, R.; Torres, O.R.; Zahler, S.A. 1991. Cell-cell interactions and conjugal gene transfer events mediated by the pheromone-inducible plasmid transfer system and the conjugative transposon encoded by Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pCF10. In: Genetics and molecular biology of streptococci, lactococci and enterococci. Editors: Dunny, G.M., Cleary, P.P. and L.L. McKay. ASM, Washington, D.C.: 9-15.

DuPont, H.L.; Steele, J.H. 1987. Use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds: implications for human health. Rev Infect Dis 9 (3): 447-455.

Dutch Working Group for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.

Dutka-Malen, S.; Courvalin, P. 1990. Update on glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Newsl 7: 81-86.

Dutka-Malen, S.; Molinas, C.; Arthur, M.; Courvalin, P. 1991. Sequence of the vanC gene of Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174 encoding a D-alanine-D-alanine ligase-related protein necessary for vancomycin resistance. Gene 112: 53-58.

Dutka-Malen, S.; Evers, S.; Courvalin, P. 1995. Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33 (1): 24-27.

Dutta, G.N.; Devriese, L.A. 1982. Susceptibility of fecal streptococci of poultry origin to nine growth-promoting agents. Appl Environ Microbiol 44 (4): 832-837.

Dutta, G.N.; Devriese, L.A. 1984. Observations on the in vitro sensitivity and resistance of Gram positive intestinal bacteria of farm animals to growth promoting antimicrobial agents. J Appl Bacteriol 56: 117-123.

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Elsner H.; Sobottka, I.; Laufs, R.; Mack, D. 1998. In vitro susceptibilities of enterococcal blood cultures against erythromycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Poster, Fourth International Conference on the macrolides, azalides, streptogramins and ketolides, Barcelona.

El Solh, N.; Allignet, J.; Loncle, V.; Aubert, S.; Casetta, A.; Morvan, A. 1993. Actualités sur les staphylocoques résistant aux synergistines (pristinamycine). Lett Infect 20: 608-615.

Endtz, H.P.; van den Braak, N.; van Belkum, A.; Kluytmans, J.A.J.W.; Koeleman, J.G.M.; Spanjaard, L.; Voss, A.; Weersink, A.J.L.; Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M.J.E.; Buiting, A.G.M.; van Duin, A.; Verbrugh, H.A. 1997. Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in the Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol 35: 3026-3031.

Ennis, H.L.; Duffy, K.E. 1972. Vernamycin A inhibits the non-enzymatic binding of fMet-tRNA to ribosomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 281: 93-102.

Everett, S.L.; Kowalski, R.P.; Karenchak, L.M.; Landsittel, D.; Day, R.; Gordon, Y.J. 1995. An in vitro comparison of the susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from patients with conjunctivitis and blepharitis to newer and established topical antibiotics. Cornea 14 (4): 382-387.

Evers, S.; Reynolds, P.E.; Courvalin, P. 1996. Sequence of the vanB and ddl genes encoding D-alanine:D-lactate and D-alanine:D-alanine ligases in vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583. Gene 140: 97-102.

F

Fantin, B.; Leclercq, R.; Ottaviani, M.; Vallois, J.M.; Mazière, B.; Duval, J.; Pocidalo, J.J.; Carbon, C. 1994. In vivo activity and penetration of the two components of the streptogramin RP 59500 in cardiac vegetations of experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38: 432-437.

Fantin, B.; Leclercq, R.; Garry, L.; Carbon, C. 1997. Influence of inducible cross-resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B-type antibiotics in Enterococcus faecium on activity of quinupristin-dalfopristin in vitro and in rabbits with experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 (5): 931-935.

Feinman, S.E. 1997. Antibiotics in animal feed - drug resistance revisited. Routine addition of antibiotics to animal feed raises question about the spread of antibiotic resistance. ASM News 64 (1): 24-30.

Felmingham, D.; Brown, D.F.J.; Soussy, C.J.; the European glycopeptide resistance survey group. 1998. European glycopeptide susceptibility survey of Gram-positive bacteria for 1995. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 31: 563-571.

Flournoy, D.J.; Robinson, M.C. 1990. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of 349 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from veterans. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 12 (8): 541-544.

Fontana, R.; Ligozzi, M.; Pedrotti, C.; Padovani, E.M.; Cornaglia, G. 1997. Vancomycin-resistant Bacillus circulans carrying the vanA gene responsible for vancomycin resistance in enterococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16: 473-474.

Frenay, H.M.E.; Klokman-Houweling, J.M.; van Leeuwen, W. 1993. MRSA in verpleeghuizen. RIVM-rapport 359002003, Bilthoven.

G

Gazagne, L.; Gueudet, P.; Lecaillon, E.; et al. 1998. In vitro activity of streptogramins against 45 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus with decreased susceptibility to dalfopristin. Poster, Fourth International Conference on the macrolides, azalides, streptogramins & ketolides, Barcelona.

Gezondheidsraad, 1998. Antimicrobi‰le groeibevorderaars. Commissie Antimicrobi‰le groeibevorderaars. Rijswijk, publicatie nr 1998/15.

GHI bulletin. Hygi‰nerichtlijnen bij repatri‰ring van pati‰nten uit het buitenland. Aanvullende hygi‰nerichtlijnen ambulance-hulpverlening.

Gopal Rao, G. 1998. Risk factors for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Drugs 55 (3): 323-330.

Gordts, B.; van Landuyt, H.; Ieven, M.; Vandamme, P.; Goossens, H. 1995. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonizing the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol 33 (11): 2842-2846.

Griffith, L.J. 1964. Development of resistance to kanamycin. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci 132 (2): 796-799.

H

Haaheim, H.; Dahl, K.H.; Simonsen, G.S.; Olsvik, _.; Sundsfjord, A. 1998. Long PCRs of transposons in the structural analysis of genes encoding acquired glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. BioTechniques 24 (3): 432-437.

Hajek, V.; Marsalek, E. 1971. The differentiation of pathogenic staphylococci and a suggestion for their classification. Zentralbl Bakteriol, I. Abt. Orig, A 217: 176-182.

Haley, R.W.; Quade, D.; Freeman et al., 1980. Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (SENIC project). Am J Epidemiol 111 (5): 427-485.

Hall, L.M.; Duke, B.; Guiney, M.; Williams, R. 1992. Typing of Enterococcus species by DNA restriction fragment analysis. J Clin Microbiol 30 (4): 915-919.

Handwerger, S.; Skoble, J. 1995. Identification of a chromosomal mobile element conferring high level vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39: 2446-2453.

Harrison, P.F.; Lederberg, J. (Eds.). 1998. Antimicrobial resistance: issues and options. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Hawkey, P.M. 1998. The origins and molecular basis of antibiotic resistance. BMJ 317: 657-660.

Heaton, M.P.; Handwerger, S. 1995. Conjugative mobilization of a vancomycin resistance plasmid by a putative Enterococcus faecium sex pheromone response plasmid. Microb Drug Resist 1: 177-183.

Heaton, M.P.; Discotto, L.F.; Pucci, M.J.; Handwerger, S. 1996. Mobilization of vancomycin resistance by transposon-mediated fusion of a VanA plasmid with an Enterococcus faecium sex pheromone-response plasmid. Gene 171: 9-17.

Hentschel, S.; Kusch, D.; Sinell, H.J. 1979. Staphylococcus aureus in poultry - biochemical characteristics, antibiotic resistance and phage pattern. Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg 1, Abt Orig B 168: 546-561.

Heuvelink, A.E.; Tilburg, J.J.H.C.; Herbes, R.G.; van Leeuwen, W.J.; Olijslager, M.; Nohlmans, M.K.E.; van Gool, J.D.; Vecht, U. 1998. Een explosie van E. coli O157-infectie binnen een gezin. Inf Bul 9 (7).

Hill, R.L.; Chen, H.Y.; Kirk, M.; Casewell, M.W.; Beighton, D. 1997. Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections in a liver transplant unit. In: Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Streptococci and the Host, edited by Horaud et al. Plenum Press, New York. Article 72: 293-297.

Hizel, K.; Emekadas, G.; Aktas, F.; Senol, E. 1997. Staphylococcus aureus in hospital personnel: carriage and antibiotic susceptibility. Gazi Med J 8: 175-178.

Hoeffler, D.; Zimmerman, U. 1997. Letters to the editor. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 350: 739.

Horinouchi, S.; Weisblum, B. 1982. Nucleotide sequence and functional map of pE194, a plasmid that specifies inducible resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B antibiotics. J Bacteriol 150: 804-814.

Horinouchi, S.; Byeon, W.H.; Weisblum, B. 1983. A complex attenuator regulates inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin type B antibiotics in Streptococcus sanguis. J Bacteriol 154: 1252-1262.

Horaud, T.; Le Bouguénec, C. 1987. Streptococcaceae. In: L. Le Minor and M. Véron (ed.), Bactériologie médicinale, 2nd ed. Flammarion, Paris, France: 795-834.

Horaud, T.; de Cespédés, G.; Clermont, D.; David, F.; Delbos, F. 1991. Variability of chromosomal genetic elements in streptococci. In: Genetics and molecular biology of streptococci, lactococci and enterococci: 16-20. Eds.: Dunny, G.M., Cleary, P.P. and L.L. McKay. ASM, Washington, D.C.

Hummel, R.; Tsch„pe, H.; Witte, W. 1986. Spread of plasmid mediated nourseothricin resistance due to antibiotic use in animal husbandry. J Basic Microbiol 26: 461-466.

Humphreys, H.; Keane, C.T. 1997. Letters to the editors: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 350: 737-738.

Hunter, J.E.B.; Hart, C.A.; Shelley, J.C.; Walton, J.R.; Bennett, M. 1993. Human isolates of apramycin-resistant Eschericia coli which contain the genes for the AAC(3)IV enzyme. Epidemiol Infect 110: 253-259.

Huovinen, P.; Sepp„l„, H.; Kataja, J.; Klaukka, T.; the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial resistance. 1997. The relationship between erythromycin consumption and resistance in Finland. In: Antibiotic resistance: origins, evolution, selection and spread. Wiley, Chichester. Ciba Foundation Symposium 207: 36-46.

I

Informatie- en KennisCentrum Landbouw. 1998. Antimicrobi‰le stoffen als diervoederadditief. Gevolgen van beperken van gebruik.

Isigidi, B.K.; Devriese, L.A.; Godard, C.; van Hoof, J. 1990. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with meat products and meat workers. Lett Appl Microbiol 11: 145-147.

J

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